X-Git-Url: https://ginac.de/ginac.git//ginac.git?a=blobdiff_plain;f=ginac%2Fex.cpp;h=42cde03a546c2e660bbf21bdcb843c59ea927556;hb=85ce9664ddba79c28a6945b1e5b4e2b71f77cb51;hp=ec6e96494fb40b6ca6828ed21cf1d0c8f252f202;hpb=083b0f50275a536be807fa2a34c1e278098e12f5;p=ginac.git

diff --git a/ginac/ex.cpp b/ginac/ex.cpp
index ec6e9649..42cde03a 100644
--- a/ginac/ex.cpp
+++ b/ginac/ex.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *  Implementation of GiNaC's light-weight expression handles. */
 
 /*
- *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
+ *  GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2001 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
  *
  *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
 
 #include "ex.h"
 #include "add.h"
@@ -29,111 +30,18 @@
 #include "numeric.h"
 #include "power.h"
 #include "relational.h"
+#include "indexed.h"
+#include "input_lexer.h"
 #include "debugmsg.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
-#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 namespace GiNaC {
-#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 
 //////////
-// default constructor, destructor, copy constructor assignment operator and helpers
+// other ctors
 //////////
 
-// public
-
-#ifndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
-
-ex::ex() : bp(ex0().bp)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex default constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(ex0().bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(ex0().bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    ++bp->refcount;
-}
-
-ex::~ex()
-{
-    debugmsg("ex destructor",LOGLEVEL_DESTRUCT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    if (--bp->refcount == 0) {
-        delete bp;
-    }
-}
-
-ex::ex(const ex & other) : bp(other.bp)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex copy constructor",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    ++bp->refcount;
-}
-
-const ex & ex::operator=(const ex & other)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex operator=",LOGLEVEL_ASSIGNMENT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    ++other.bp->refcount;
-    basic * tmpbp=other.bp;
-    if (--bp->refcount==0) {
-            delete bp;
-    }
-    bp=tmpbp;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-#endif // ndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
-
-//////////
-// other constructors
-//////////
-
-// public
-
-#ifndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
-
-ex::ex(const basic & other)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex constructor from basic",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    construct_from_basic(other);
-}
-
-ex::ex(int i)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex constructor from int",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    construct_from_int(i);
-}
-
-ex::ex(unsigned int i)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex constructor from unsigned int",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    construct_from_uint(i);
-}
-
-ex::ex(long i)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex constructor from long",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    construct_from_long(i);
-}
-
-ex::ex(unsigned long i)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex constructor from unsigned long",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    construct_from_ulong(i);
-}
-
-ex::ex(double const d)
-{
-    debugmsg("ex constructor from double",LOGLEVEL_CONSTRUCT);
-    construct_from_double(d);
-}
-
-#endif // ndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
+// none (all inlined)
 
 //////////
 // functions overriding virtual functions from bases classes
@@ -153,218 +61,117 @@ ex::ex(double const d)
 
 // public
 
-/** Swap the contents of two expressions. */
+/** Efficiently swap the contents of two expressions. */
 void ex::swap(ex & other)
 {
-    debugmsg("ex swap",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
+	debugmsg("ex swap",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
 
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    
-    basic * tmpbp=bp;
-    bp=other.bp;
-    other.bp=tmpbp;
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
+	
+	basic * tmpbp = bp;
+	bp = other.bp;
+	other.bp = tmpbp;
 }
 
-/** Output formatted to be useful as ginsh input. */
-void ex::print(ostream & os, unsigned upper_precedence) const
+/** Print expression to stream. The formatting of the output is determined
+ *  by the kind of print_context object that is passed. Possible formattings
+ *  include ginsh-parsable output (the default), tree-like output for
+ *  debugging, and C++ source.
+ *  @see print_context */
+void ex::print(const print_context & c, unsigned level) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex print",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    bp->print(os,upper_precedence);
+	debugmsg("ex print", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	bp->print(c, level);
 }
 
-void ex::printraw(ostream & os) const
+/** Print expression to stream in a tree-like format suitable for debugging. */
+void ex::printtree(std::ostream & os) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex printraw",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    os << "ex(";
-    bp->printraw(os);
-    os << ")";
-}
-
-void ex::printtree(ostream & os, unsigned indent) const
-{
-    debugmsg("ex printtree",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    // os << "refcount=" << bp->refcount << " ";
-    bp->printtree(os,indent);
-}
-
-/** Print expression as a C++ statement. The output looks like
- *  "<type> <var_name> = <expression>;". The "type" parameter has an effect
- *  on how number literals are printed.
- *
- *  @param os output stream
- *  @param type variable type (one of the csrc_types)
- *  @param var_name variable name to be printed */
-void ex::printcsrc(ostream & os, unsigned type, const char *var_name) const
-{
-    debugmsg("ex print csrc", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    switch (type) {
-        case csrc_types::ctype_float:
-            os << "float ";
-            break;
-        case csrc_types::ctype_double:
-            os << "double ";
-            break;
-        case csrc_types::ctype_cl_N:
-            os << "cl_N ";
-            break;
-    }
-    os << var_name << " = ";
-    bp->printcsrc(os, type, 0);
-    os << ";\n";
+	debugmsg("ex printtree", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	bp->print(print_tree(os));
 }
 
 /** Little wrapper arount print to be called within a debugger. */
 void ex::dbgprint(void) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex dbgprint",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    bp->dbgprint();
+	debugmsg("ex dbgprint", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	bp->dbgprint();
 }
 
 /** Little wrapper arount printtree to be called within a debugger. */
 void ex::dbgprinttree(void) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex dbgprinttree",LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    bp->dbgprinttree();
+	debugmsg("ex dbgprinttree", LOGLEVEL_PRINT);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	bp->dbgprinttree();
 }
 
 bool ex::info(unsigned inf) const
 {
-    return bp->info(inf);
+	return bp->info(inf);
 }
 
 unsigned ex::nops() const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->nops();
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->nops();
 }
 
 ex ex::expand(unsigned options) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->expand(options);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	if (bp->flags & status_flags::expanded)
+		return *bp;
+	else
+		return bp->expand(options);
 }
 
 bool ex::has(const ex & other) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->has(other);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->has(other);
 }
 
-int ex::degree(const symbol & s) const
+int ex::degree(const ex & s) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->degree(s);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->degree(s);
 }
 
-int ex::ldegree(const symbol & s) const
+int ex::ldegree(const ex & s) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->ldegree(s);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->ldegree(s);
 }
 
-ex ex::coeff(const symbol & s, int n) const
+ex ex::coeff(const ex & s, int n) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->coeff(s,n);
-}
-
-ex ex::numer(bool normalize) const
-{
-    ex n;
-    if (normalize)
-        n = normal();
-    else
-        n = *this;
-
-	// number
-	if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n, numeric))
-		return ex_to_numeric(n).numer();
-
-    // polynomial
-    if (n.info(info_flags::cinteger_polynomial))
-        return n;
-
-    // something^(-int)
-    if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n, power) && n.op(1).info(info_flags::negint))
-        return _ex1();
-
-    // something^(int) * something^(int) * ...
-    if (!is_ex_exactly_of_type(n, mul))
-        return n;
-    ex res = _ex1();
-    for (unsigned i=0; i<n.nops(); i++) {
-		if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n.op(i), power) && n.op(i).op(1).info(info_flags::negint)) {
-			// something^(-int) belongs to the denominator
-		} else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n.op(i), numeric)) {
-			res *= ex_to_numeric(n.op(i)).numer();
-		} else {
-            res *= n.op(i);
-		}
-    }
-    return res;
-}
-
-ex ex::denom(bool normalize) const
-{
-    ex n;
-    if (normalize)
-        n = normal();
-    else
-        n = *this;
-
-	// number
-	if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n, numeric))
-		return ex_to_numeric(n).denom();
-
-    // polynomial
-    if (n.info(info_flags::cinteger_polynomial))
-        return _ex1();
-
-    // something^(-int)
-    if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n, power) && n.op(1).info(info_flags::negint))
-        return power(n.op(0), -(n.op(1)));
-
-    // something^(int) * something^(int) * ...
-    if (!is_ex_exactly_of_type(n, mul))
-        return _ex1();
-    ex res = _ex1();
-    for (unsigned i=0; i<n.nops(); i++) {
-        if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n.op(i), power) && n.op(i).op(1).info(info_flags::negint)) {
-            res *= power(n.op(i), -1);
-		} else if (is_ex_exactly_of_type(n.op(i), numeric)) {
-			res *= ex_to_numeric(n.op(i)).denom();
-		} else {
-			// everything else belongs to the numerator
-		}
-    }
-    return res;
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->coeff(s,n);
 }
 
-ex ex::collect(const symbol & s) const
+ex ex::collect(const ex & s) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->collect(s);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->collect(s);
 }
 
 ex ex::eval(int level) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->eval(level);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->eval(level);
 }
 
 ex ex::evalf(int level) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->evalf(level);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->evalf(level);
 }
 
 /** Compute partial derivative of an expression.
@@ -374,325 +181,329 @@ ex ex::evalf(int level) const
  *  @return partial derivative as a new expression */
 ex ex::diff(const symbol & s, unsigned nth) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
 
-    if (!nth)
-        return *this;
-    else
-        return bp->diff(s, nth);
+	if (!nth)
+		return *this;
+	else
+		return bp->diff(s, nth);
 }
 
 ex ex::subs(const lst & ls, const lst & lr) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->subs(ls,lr);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->subs(ls,lr);
 }
 
 ex ex::subs(const ex & e) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->subs(e);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->subs(e);
+}
+
+/** Return a vector containing the free indices of the object. */
+exvector ex::get_free_indices(void) const
+{
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->get_free_indices();
+}
+
+/** Simplify/canonicalize expression containing indexed objects. This
+ *  performs contraction of dummy indices where possible and checks whether
+ *  the free indices in sums are consistent.
+ *
+ *  @return simplified expression */
+ex ex::simplify_indexed(void) const
+{
+	return GiNaC::simplify_indexed(*this);
 }
 
-exvector ex::get_indices(void) const
+/** Simplify/canonicalize expression containing indexed objects. This
+ *  performs contraction of dummy indices where possible, checks whether
+ *  the free indices in sums are consistent, and automatically replaces
+ *  scalar products by known values if desired.
+ *
+ *  @param sp Scalar products to be replaced automatically
+ *  @return simplified expression */
+ex ex::simplify_indexed(const scalar_products & sp) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->get_indices();
+	return GiNaC::simplify_indexed(*this, sp);
 }
 
 ex ex::simplify_ncmul(const exvector & v) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->simplify_ncmul(v);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->simplify_ncmul(v);
 }
 
 ex ex::operator[](const ex & index) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex operator[ex]",LOGLEVEL_OPERATOR);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return (*bp)[index];
+	debugmsg("ex operator[ex]",LOGLEVEL_OPERATOR);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return (*bp)[index];
 }
 
 ex ex::operator[](int i) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex operator[int]",LOGLEVEL_OPERATOR);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return (*bp)[i];
+	debugmsg("ex operator[int]",LOGLEVEL_OPERATOR);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return (*bp)[i];
 }
 
 /** Return operand/member at position i. */
 ex ex::op(int i) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex op()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->op(i);
+	debugmsg("ex op()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->op(i);
 }
 
 /** Return modifyable operand/member at position i. */
 ex & ex::let_op(int i)
 {
-    debugmsg("ex let_op()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-    makewriteable();
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->let_op(i);
+	debugmsg("ex let_op()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
+	makewriteable();
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->let_op(i);
 }
 
 /** Left hand side of relational expression. */
 ex ex::lhs(void) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex lhs()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(*this,relational));
-    return (*static_cast<relational *>(bp)).lhs();
+	debugmsg("ex lhs()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(*this,relational));
+	return (*static_cast<relational *>(bp)).lhs();
 }
 
 /** Right hand side of relational expression. */
 ex ex::rhs(void) const
 {
-    debugmsg("ex rhs()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(*this,relational));
-    return (*static_cast<relational *>(bp)).rhs();
-}
-
-#ifndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
-int ex::compare(const ex & other) const
-{
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
-    if (bp==other.bp) {
-        // special case: both expression point to same basic, trivially equal
-        return 0; 
-    }
-    return bp->compare(*other.bp);
-}
-#endif // ndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
-
-#ifndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
-bool ex::is_equal(const ex & other) const
-{
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(other.bp!=0);
-    if (bp==other.bp) {
-        // special case: both expression point to same basic, trivially equal
-        return true; 
-    }
-    return bp->is_equal(*other.bp);
+	debugmsg("ex rhs()",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(is_ex_of_type(*this,relational));
+	return (*static_cast<relational *>(bp)).rhs();
 }
-#endif // ndef INLINE_EX_CONSTRUCTORS
 
 unsigned ex::return_type(void) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->return_type();
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->return_type();
 }
 
 unsigned ex::return_type_tinfo(void) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->return_type_tinfo();
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->return_type_tinfo();
 }
 
 unsigned ex::gethash(void) const
 {
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    return bp->gethash();
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	return bp->gethash();
 }
 
+/** Used internally by operator+() to add two ex objects together. */
 ex ex::exadd(const ex & rh) const
 {
-    return (new add(*this,rh))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+	return (new add(*this,rh))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
+/** Used internally by operator*() to multiply two ex objects together. */
 ex ex::exmul(const ex & rh) const
 {
-    return (new mul(*this,rh))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-}
-
-ex ex::exncmul(const ex & rh) const
-{
-    return (new ncmul(*this,rh))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+	// Check if we are constructing a mul object or a ncmul object.  Due to
+	// ncmul::eval()'s rule to pull out commutative elements we need to check
+	// only one of the elements.
+	if (rh.bp->return_type()==return_types::commutative ||
+	    bp->return_type()==return_types::commutative)
+		return (new mul(*this,rh))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+	else
+		return (new ncmul(*this,rh))->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 // private
 
+/** Make this ex writable (if more than one ex handle the same basic) by 
+ *  unlinking the object and creating an unshared copy of it. */
 void ex::makewriteable()
 {
-    debugmsg("ex makewriteable",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    if (bp->refcount > 1) {
-        basic * bp2 = bp->duplicate();
-        ++bp2->refcount;
-        bp2->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-        --bp->refcount;
-        bp = bp2;
-    }
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount == 1);
-}
-
+	debugmsg("ex makewriteable",LOGLEVEL_MEMBER_FUNCTION);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
+	if (bp->refcount > 1) {
+		basic * bp2 = bp->duplicate();
+		++bp2->refcount;
+		bp2->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+		--bp->refcount;
+		bp = bp2;
+	}
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount==1);
+}
+
+/** Ctor from basic implementation.
+ *  @see ex::ex(const basic &) */
 void ex::construct_from_basic(const basic & other)
 {
-    if ((other.flags & status_flags::evaluated)==0) {
-        // cf. copy constructor
-        const ex & tmpex = other.eval(1); // evaluate only one (top) level
-        bp = tmpex.bp;
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        if ((other.flags & status_flags::dynallocated)&&(other.refcount==0)) {
-            delete &const_cast<basic &>(other);
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (other.flags & status_flags::dynallocated) {
-            bp = &const_cast<basic &>(other);
-        } else {
-            bp = other.duplicate();
-            bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-        }
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-        // bp->clearflag(status_flags::evaluated);
-        ++bp->refcount;
-    }
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
+	if ((other.flags & status_flags::evaluated)==0) {
+		// cf. copy ctor
+		const ex & tmpex = other.eval(1); // evaluate only one (top) level
+		bp = tmpex.bp;
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
+		++bp->refcount;
+		if ((other.flags & status_flags::dynallocated)&&(other.refcount==0))
+			delete &const_cast<basic &>(other);
+	} else {
+		if (other.flags & status_flags::dynallocated) {
+			// ok, it is already on the heap, so just copy bp:
+			bp = &const_cast<basic &>(other);
+		} else {
+			// create a duplicate on the heap:
+			bp = other.duplicate();
+			bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+		}
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+		++bp->refcount;
+	}
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp->flags & status_flags::dynallocated);
 }
 
 void ex::construct_from_int(int i)
 {
-    switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
-    case -2:
-        bp = _ex_2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case -1:
-        bp = _ex_1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 0:
-        bp = _ex0().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 1:
-        bp = _ex1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        bp = _ex2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    default:
-        bp = new numeric(i);
-        bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount=1);
-    }
-}
-    
+	switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
+	case -2:
+		bp = _ex_2().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case -1:
+		bp = _ex_1().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 0:
+		bp = _ex0().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		bp = _ex1().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		bp = _ex2().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	default:
+		bp = new numeric(i);
+		bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+		++bp->refcount;
+		GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount==1);
+	}
+}
+	
 void ex::construct_from_uint(unsigned int i)
 {
-    switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
-    case -2:
-        bp = _ex_2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case -1:
-        bp = _ex_1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 0:
-        bp = _ex0().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 1:
-        bp = _ex1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        bp = _ex2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    default:
-        bp = new numeric(i);
-        bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount=1);
-    }
-}
-    
+	switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
+	case 0:
+		bp = _ex0().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		bp = _ex1().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		bp = _ex2().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	default:
+		bp = new numeric(i);
+		bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+		++bp->refcount;
+		GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount==1);
+	}
+}
+	
 void ex::construct_from_long(long i)
 {
-    switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
-    case -2:
-        bp = _ex_2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case -1:
-        bp = _ex_1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 0:
-        bp = _ex0().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 1:
-        bp = _ex1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        bp = _ex2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    default:
-        bp = new numeric(i);
-        bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount=1);
-    }
-}
-    
+	switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
+	case -2:
+		bp = _ex_2().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case -1:
+		bp = _ex_1().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 0:
+		bp = _ex0().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		bp = _ex1().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		bp = _ex2().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	default:
+		bp = new numeric(i);
+		bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+		++bp->refcount;
+		GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount==1);
+	}
+}
+	
 void ex::construct_from_ulong(unsigned long i)
 {
-    switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
-    case -2:
-        bp = _ex_2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case -1:
-        bp = _ex_1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 0:
-        bp = _ex0().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 1:
-        bp = _ex1().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        bp = _ex2().bp;
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        break;
-    default:
-        bp = new numeric(i);
-        bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-        ++bp->refcount;
-        GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
-        GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount=1);
-    }
-}
-    
+	switch (i) {  // some tiny efficiency-hack
+	case 0:
+		bp = _ex0().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		bp = _ex1().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	case 2:
+		bp = _ex2().bp;
+		++bp->refcount;
+		break;
+	default:
+		bp = new numeric(i);
+		bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+		++bp->refcount;
+		GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount==1);
+	}
+}
+	
 void ex::construct_from_double(double d)
 {
-    bp = new numeric(d);
-    bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
-    ++bp->refcount;
-    GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
-    GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount=1);
+	bp = new numeric(d);
+	bp->setflag(status_flags::dynallocated);
+	++bp->refcount;
+	GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
+	GINAC_ASSERT(bp->refcount==1);
+}
+
+void ex::construct_from_string_and_lst(const std::string &s, const ex &l)
+{
+	set_lexer_string(s);
+	set_lexer_symbols(l);
+	ginac_yyrestart(NULL);
+	if (ginac_yyparse())
+		throw (std::runtime_error(get_parser_error()));
+	else {
+		bp = parsed_ex.bp;
+		GINAC_ASSERT(bp!=0);
+		GINAC_ASSERT((bp->flags) & status_flags::dynallocated);
+		++bp->refcount;
+	}
 }
-    
+	
 //////////
 // static member variables
 //////////
@@ -712,6 +523,4 @@ void ex::construct_from_double(double d)
 // none
 
 
-#ifndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC
 } // namespace GiNaC
-#endif // ndef NO_NAMESPACE_GINAC