1 /** @File exam_pseries.cpp
3 * Series expansion test (Laurent and Taylor series). */
6 * GiNaC Copyright (C) 1999-2008 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
8 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
9 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
10 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
11 * (at your option) any later version.
13 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
14 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
16 * GNU General Public License for more details.
18 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
19 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
20 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
26 using namespace GiNaC;
30 static unsigned check_series(const ex &e, const ex &point, const ex &d, int order = 8)
32 ex es = e.series(x==point, order);
33 ex ep = ex_to<pseries>(es).convert_to_poly();
34 if (!(ep - d).expand().is_zero()) {
35 clog << "series expansion of " << e << " at " << point
36 << " erroneously returned " << ep << " (instead of " << d
38 clog << tree << (ep-d) << dflt;
45 static unsigned exam_series1()
55 d = 1 + Order(pow(x, 1));
56 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 1);
59 d = x - pow(x, 3) / 6 + pow(x, 5) / 120 - pow(x, 7) / 5040 + Order(pow(x, 8));
60 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
63 d = 1 - pow(x, 2) / 2 + pow(x, 4) / 24 - pow(x, 6) / 720 + Order(pow(x, 8));
64 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
67 d = 1 + x + pow(x, 2) / 2 + pow(x, 3) / 6 + pow(x, 4) / 24 + pow(x, 5) / 120 + pow(x, 6) / 720 + pow(x, 7) / 5040 + Order(pow(x, 8));
68 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
71 d = 1 + x + pow(x, 2) + pow(x, 3) + pow(x, 4) + pow(x, 5) + pow(x, 6) + pow(x, 7) + Order(pow(x, 8));
72 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
76 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
79 d = 2 + pow(x-1, 2) - pow(x-1, 3) + pow(x-1, 4) - pow(x-1, 5) + pow(x-1, 6) - pow(x-1, 7) + Order(pow(x-1, 8));
80 result += check_series(e, 1, d);
82 e = pow(x + pow(x, 3), -1);
83 d = pow(x, -1) - x + pow(x, 3) - pow(x, 5) + pow(x, 7) + Order(pow(x, 8));
84 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
86 e = pow(pow(x, 2) + pow(x, 4), -1);
87 d = pow(x, -2) - 1 + pow(x, 2) - pow(x, 4) + pow(x, 6) + Order(pow(x, 8));
88 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
91 d = pow(x, -2) + numeric(1,3) + pow(x, 2) / 15 + pow(x, 4) * 2/189 + pow(x, 6) / 675 + Order(pow(x, 8));
92 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
95 d = x + pow(x, 3) / 3 + pow(x, 5) * 2/15 + pow(x, 7) * 17/315 + Order(pow(x, 8));
96 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
99 d = pow(x, -1) - x / 3 - pow(x, 3) / 45 - pow(x, 5) * 2/945 - pow(x, 7) / 4725 + Order(pow(x, 8));
100 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
102 e = pow(numeric(2), x);
104 d = 1 + t + pow(t, 2) / 2 + pow(t, 3) / 6 + pow(t, 4) / 24 + pow(t, 5) / 120 + pow(t, 6) / 720 + pow(t, 7) / 5040 + Order(pow(x, 8));
105 result += check_series(e, 0, d.expand());
109 d = 1 + t + pow(t, 2) / 2 + pow(t, 3) / 6 + pow(t, 4) / 24 + pow(t, 5) / 120 + pow(t, 6) / 720 + pow(t, 7) / 5040 + Order(pow(x, 8));
110 result += check_series(e, 0, d.expand());
114 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 1);
115 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 2);
117 e = pow(x, 8) * pow(pow(x,3)+ pow(x + pow(x,3), 2), -2);
118 d = pow(x, 4) - 2*pow(x, 5) + Order(pow(x, 6));
119 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 6);
121 e = cos(x) * pow(sin(x)*(pow(x, 5) + 4 * pow(x, 2)), -3);
122 d = pow(x, -9) / 64 - 3 * pow(x, -6) / 256 - pow(x, -5) / 960 + 535 * pow(x, -3) / 96768
123 + pow(x, -2) / 1280 - pow(x, -1) / 14400 - numeric(283, 129024) - 2143 * x / 5322240
125 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 2);
127 e = sqrt(1+x*x) * sqrt(1+2*x*x);
128 d = 1 + Order(pow(x, 2));
129 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 2);
131 e = pow(x, 4) * sin(a) + pow(x, 2);
132 d = pow(x, 2) + Order(pow(x, 3));
133 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 3);
135 e = log(a*x + b*x*x*log(x));
136 d = log(a*x) + b/a*log(x)*x - pow(b/a, 2)/2*pow(log(x)*x, 2) + Order(pow(x, 3));
137 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 3);
140 d = pow(a, b) + (pow(a, b)*b/a)*x + (pow(a, b)*b*b/a/a/2 - pow(a, b)*b/a/a/2)*pow(x, 2) + Order(pow(x, 3));
141 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 3);
147 static unsigned exam_series2()
152 e = pow(sin(x), -1).series(x==0, 8) + pow(sin(-x), -1).series(x==0, 12);
153 d = Order(pow(x, 8));
154 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
159 // Series multiplication
160 static unsigned exam_series3()
165 e = sin(x).series(x==0, 8) * pow(sin(x), -1).series(x==0, 12);
166 d = 1 + Order(pow(x, 7));
167 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
172 // Series exponentiation
173 static unsigned exam_series4()
178 e = pow((2*cos(x)).series(x==0, 5), 2).series(x==0, 5);
179 d = 4 - 4*pow(x, 2) + 4*pow(x, 4)/3 + Order(pow(x, 5));
180 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
182 e = pow(tgamma(x), 2).series(x==0, 2);
183 d = pow(x,-2) - 2*Euler/x + (pow(Pi,2)/6+2*pow(Euler,2))
184 + x*(-4*pow(Euler, 3)/3 -pow(Pi,2)*Euler/3 - 2*zeta(3)/3) + Order(pow(x, 2));
185 result += check_series(e, 0, d);
190 // Order term handling
191 static unsigned exam_series5()
196 e = 1 + x + pow(x, 2) + pow(x, 3);
198 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 0);
200 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 1);
201 d = 1 + x + Order(pow(x, 2));
202 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 2);
203 d = 1 + x + pow(x, 2) + Order(pow(x, 3));
204 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 3);
205 d = 1 + x + pow(x, 2) + pow(x, 3);
206 result += check_series(e, 0, d, 4);
210 // Series expansion of tgamma(-1)
211 static unsigned exam_series6()
214 ex d = pow(x+1,-1)*numeric(1,4) +
215 pow(x+1,0)*(numeric(3,4) -
216 numeric(1,2)*Euler) +
217 pow(x+1,1)*(numeric(7,4) -
219 numeric(1,2)*pow(Euler,2) +
220 numeric(1,12)*pow(Pi,2)) +
221 pow(x+1,2)*(numeric(15,4) -
223 numeric(1,3)*pow(Euler,3) +
224 numeric(1,4)*pow(Pi,2) +
225 numeric(3,2)*pow(Euler,2) -
226 numeric(1,6)*pow(Pi,2)*Euler -
227 numeric(2,3)*zeta(3)) +
228 pow(x+1,3)*(numeric(31,4) - pow(Euler,3) -
229 numeric(15,2)*Euler +
230 numeric(1,6)*pow(Euler,4) +
231 numeric(7,2)*pow(Euler,2) +
232 numeric(7,12)*pow(Pi,2) -
233 numeric(1,2)*pow(Pi,2)*Euler -
235 numeric(1,6)*pow(Euler,2)*pow(Pi,2) +
236 numeric(1,40)*pow(Pi,4) +
237 numeric(4,3)*zeta(3)*Euler) +
239 return check_series(e, -1, d, 4);
242 // Series expansion of tan(x==Pi/2)
243 static unsigned exam_series7()
246 ex d = pow(x-1,-1)/Pi*(-2) + pow(x-1,1)*Pi/6 + pow(x-1,3)*pow(Pi,3)/360
247 +pow(x-1,5)*pow(Pi,5)/15120 + pow(x-1,7)*pow(Pi,7)/604800
249 return check_series(e,1,d,9);
252 // Series expansion of log(sin(x==0))
253 static unsigned exam_series8()
256 ex d = log(x) - pow(x,2)/6 - pow(x,4)/180 - pow(x,6)/2835 - pow(x,8)/37800 + Order(pow(x,9));
257 return check_series(e,0,d,9);
260 // Series expansion of Li2(sin(x==0))
261 static unsigned exam_series9()
264 ex d = x + pow(x,2)/4 - pow(x,3)/18 - pow(x,4)/48
265 - 13*pow(x,5)/1800 - pow(x,6)/360 - 23*pow(x,7)/21168
267 return check_series(e,0,d,8);
270 // Series expansion of Li2((x==2)^2), caring about branch-cut
271 static unsigned exam_series10()
275 ex e = Li2(pow(x,2));
276 ex d = Li2(4) + (-log(3) + I*Pi*csgn(I-I*pow(x,2))) * (x-2)
277 + (numeric(-2,3) + log(3)/4 - I*Pi/4*csgn(I-I*pow(x,2))) * pow(x-2,2)
278 + (numeric(11,27) - log(3)/12 + I*Pi/12*csgn(I-I*pow(x,2))) * pow(x-2,3)
279 + (numeric(-155,648) + log(3)/32 - I*Pi/32*csgn(I-I*pow(x,2))) * pow(x-2,4)
281 return check_series(e,2,d,5);
284 // Series expansion of logarithms around branch points
285 static unsigned exam_series11()
295 result += check_series(e,0,d,5);
299 result += check_series(e,0,d,5);
303 result += check_series(e,0,d,5);
305 // These ones must not be expanded because it would result in a branch cut
306 // running in the wrong direction. (Other systems tend to get this wrong.)
309 result += check_series(e,0,d,5);
313 result += check_series(e,123,d,5);
316 d = e; // we don't know anything about a!
317 result += check_series(e,0,d,5);
320 d = log(1-x) - (x-1) + pow(x-1,2)/2 - pow(x-1,3)/3 + pow(x-1,4)/4 + Order(pow(x-1,5));
321 result += check_series(e,1,d,5);
326 // Series expansion of other functions around branch points
327 static unsigned exam_series12()
334 // NB: Mma and Maple give different results, but they agree if one
335 // takes into account that by assumption |x|<1.
337 d = (I*log(2)/2-I*log(1+I*x)/2) + (x-I)/4 + I*pow(x-I,2)/16 + Order(pow(x-I,3));
338 result += check_series(e,I,d,3);
340 // NB: here, at -I, Mathematica disagrees, but it is wrong -- they
341 // pick up a complex phase by incorrectly expanding logarithms.
343 d = (-I*log(2)/2+I*log(1-I*x)/2) + (x+I)/4 - I*pow(x+I,2)/16 + Order(pow(x+I,3));
344 result += check_series(e,-I,d,3);
346 // This is basically the same as above, the branch point is at +/-1:
348 d = (-log(2)/2+log(x+1)/2) + (x+1)/4 + pow(x+1,2)/16 + Order(pow(x+1,3));
349 result += check_series(e,-1,d,3);
354 // Test of the patch of Stefan Weinzierl that prevents an infinite loop if
355 // a factor in a product is a complicated way of writing zero.
356 static unsigned exam_series13()
360 ex e = (new mul(pow(2,x), (1/x*(-(1+x)/(1-x)) + (1+x)/x/(1-x)))
361 )->setflag(status_flags::evaluated);
363 result += check_series(e,0,d,1);
368 unsigned exam_pseries()
372 cout << "examining series expansion" << flush;
374 result += exam_series1(); cout << '.' << flush;
375 result += exam_series2(); cout << '.' << flush;
376 result += exam_series3(); cout << '.' << flush;
377 result += exam_series4(); cout << '.' << flush;
378 result += exam_series5(); cout << '.' << flush;
379 result += exam_series6(); cout << '.' << flush;
380 result += exam_series7(); cout << '.' << flush;
381 result += exam_series8(); cout << '.' << flush;
382 result += exam_series9(); cout << '.' << flush;
383 result += exam_series10(); cout << '.' << flush;
384 result += exam_series11(); cout << '.' << flush;
385 result += exam_series12(); cout << '.' << flush;
386 result += exam_series13(); cout << '.' << flush;
391 int main(int argc, char** argv)
393 return exam_pseries();